Events on 18 February include:
- WikiLeaks published the first of hundreds of thousands of classified documents disclosed by Chelsea Manning (2010)
- The IRA explodes bombs in the early morning at Paddington station and Victoria station in London (1991)
- The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom (1965)
This page gathers 55 events, 145 births and 56 deaths recorded on this day, from 3102 BC to 2021.
Events · United Kingdom
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2010
WikiLeaks published the first of hundreds of thousands of classified documents disclosed by Chelsea Manning. Wikipedia: WikiLeaks · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · 139 languages
Archive: A revolução portuguesa no WikiLeaks: [telegramas Kissinger . correspondência com a Embaixada dos EUA em Lisboa] — April 25th Documentation Center of Coimbra University, 2015 · Europeana
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1991
The IRA explodes bombs in the early morning at Paddington station and Victoria station in London. Wikipedia: Provisional Irish Republican Army · ✓ Wikidata · 1 language
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1965
The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom. Wikipedia: The Gambia · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · 300 languages
Archive: Outline Map Shewing the British Possessions of the Gambia, 1865 — University of Edinburgh · Europeana -
1957
Kenyan rebel leader Dedan Kimathi is executed by the British colonial government. Wikipedia: Kenya · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 19 languages
Archive: Mount Kenya — Finnish National Gallery · Europeana
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1946
Sailors of the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in Bombay harbour, from where the action spreads throughout the Provinces of British India, involving 78 ships, twenty shore establishments and 20,000 sailors Wikipedia: Royal Indian Navy · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 14 languages
Archive: Epische maritieme actie in de Indische Oceaan waarin H.M. mijnenveger \"Bengal\" (Royal Indian Navy) en de Nederlandse tanker \"Ondina\" een Japanse hulpkruiser met twee vliegtuigen aan boord tot zinken wisten te brengen. De zwaar beschadigde \"Ondina\" bij heb binnenlopen van Fremantle — National Archives of the Netherlands · Europeana -
1911
The first official flight with airmail takes place from Allahabad, United Provinces, British India (now India), when Henri Pequet, a 23-year-old pilot, delivers 6,500 letters to Naini, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away. Wikipedia: Airmail · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · 31 languages
-
1797
French Revolutionary Wars: Sir Ralph Abercromby and a fleet of 18 British warships invade Trinidad. Wikipedia: French Revolutionary Wars · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · 58 languages
-
1781
Fourth Anglo-Dutch War: Captain Thomas Shirley opens his expedition against Dutch colonial outposts on the Gold Coast of Africa (present-day Ghana). Wikipedia: Fourth Anglo-Dutch War · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · 25 languages
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1637
Eighty Years' War: Off the coast of Cornwall, a Spanish fleet intercepted an Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of forty-four vessels escorted by six men-of-war, destroying or capturing twenty ships. Wikipedia: Eighty Years' War · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 6 languages
Unconfirmed
-
1915
U-boat Campaign: The Imperial German Navy institutes unrestricted submarine warfare in the waters around Great Britain and Ireland. Wikipedia: U-boat campaign · 22 languages
Around the world
-
2021
Perseverance, a Mars rover designed to explore Jezero crater on Mars, as part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission, lands successfully. Wikipedia: Perseverance (rover) · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · 64 languages
-
2018
Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 3704 crashes in the Dena sub-range in the Zagros Mountains of Iran, Resulting in 66 Deaths Wikipedia: Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 3704 · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 29 languages
-
2014
A series of violent events (pictured) involving protesters, riot police, and unknown shooters began in Kyiv that culminated in the ousting of Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych five days later. Wikipedia: Revolution of Dignity · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · 47 languages
-
2013
Eight gunmen stole US$50,000,000 worth of diamonds from a Swiss-bound aircraft at Brussels Airport. Wikipedia: Brussels Airport diamond heist · ✓ Wikidata · 7 languages
-
2010
In a coup d'état, military rebels attacked the presidential palace in Niamey, Niger, and replaced President Mamadou Tandja with a ruling junta, the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy. Wikipedia: 2010 Nigerien coup d'état · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
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2004
Up to 295 people, 182 of which being rescue workers, die near Nishapur, Iran, when a runaway freight train carrying sulfur, petrol and fertilizer catches fire and explodes. Wikipedia: Nishapur · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 9 languages
-
2003
192 people die when an arsonist sets fire to a subway train in Daegu, South Korea. Wikipedia: Daegu subway fire · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 17 languages
-
2001
Inter-ethnic violence between the Dayak and the Madurese broke out in Sampit, Indonesia, ultimately causing more than 500 deaths and the displacement of 100,000 Madurese from their homes. Wikipedia: Sampit conflict · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 8 languages
-
2001
American FBI agent Robert Hanssen was arrested for having spied for the KGB and GRU over a 22-year period. Wikipedia: Federal Bureau of Investigation · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · 115 languages
-
1983
Thirteen people die and one is seriously injured in the Wah Mee massacre in Seattle. It is said to be the largest robbery-motivated mass-murder in U.S. history. Wikipedia: Wah Mee massacre · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 5 languages
-
1979
Richard Petty wins a then-record sixth Daytona 500 after leaders Donnie Allison and Cale Yarborough crash on the final lap of the first NASCAR race televised live flag-to-flag. Wikipedia: Richard Petty · ✓ Wikidata · 3 languages
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1977
NASA's first Space Shuttle, Enterprise, made its first test flight on top of the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (both pictured). Wikipedia: NASA · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · 184 languages
-
1977
The Xinjiang 61st Regiment Farm fire started during Chinese New Year when a firecracker ignited the wreaths of late Mao Zedong, killing 694 personnel. Wikipedia: Xinjiang 61st Regiment Farm fire · ✓ Wikidata · 3 languages
-
1972
The California Supreme Court in the case of People v. Anderson, (6 Cal.3d 628) invalidates the state's death penalty and commutes the sentences of all death row inmates to life imprisonment. Wikipedia: Supreme Court of California · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · 17 languages
-
1970
The Chicago Seven are found not guilty of conspiring to incite riots at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Wikipedia: Chicago Seven · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · 18 languages
-
1957
Walter James Bolton becomes the last person legally executed in New Zealand. Wikipedia: Walter James Bolton · ✓ Wikidata · 4 languages
-
1954
The first Church of Scientology is established in Los Angeles. Wikipedia: Church of Scientology · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · 30 languages
-
1947
First Indochina War: The French gain complete control of Hanoi after forcing the Viet Minh to withdraw to the mountains. Wikipedia: First Indochina War · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · 67 languages
-
1946
President Harry S. Truman signed the Rescission Act, annulling benefits payable to Filipino troops who fought for the U.S. during World War II. Wikipedia: Harry S. Truman · ✓ Wikidata · 1 language
-
1945
World War II: American and Brazilian troops kick off Operation Encore in Northern Italy, a successful limited action in the Northern Apennines that prepares for the western portion of the Allied Spring offensive. Wikipedia: Operation Encore · ✓ Wikidata · 3 languages
-
1943
The core members of the White Rose, an anti-Nazi resistance group, were arrested by the Gestapo. Wikipedia: White Rose · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · 59 languages
-
1943
World War II: Joseph Goebbels delivers his Sportpalast speech. Wikipedia: Joseph Goebbels · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 25 languages
-
1942
World War II: The Imperial Japanese Army begins the systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore. Wikipedia: World War II · ✓ Wikidata · 17 languages
-
1938
Second Sino-Japanese War: During the Nanking Massacre, the Nanking Safety Zone International Committee is renamed "Nanking International Rescue Committee", and the safety zone in place for refugees falls apart. Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · 90 languages
-
1932
The Empire of Japan creates the independent state of Manzhouguo (the obsolete Chinese name for Manchuria) free from the Republic of China and installed former Chinese Emperor Puyi as Chief Executive of the State. Wikipedia: Empire of Japan · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · 97 languages
-
1930
While studying photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto. Wikipedia: January · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · 314 languages
-
1900
Second Boer War: Imperial forces suffer their worst single-day loss of life on Bloody Sunday, the first day of the Battle of Paardeberg. Wikipedia: Second Boer War · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 6 languages
-
1885
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is published in the United States. Wikipedia: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · 73 languages
-
1878
Competition between two American merchants in Lincoln County, New Mexico Territory, turned into a range war when a member of one faction was murdered by the other. Wikipedia: Lincoln County, New Mexico · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 12 languages
-
1873
Vasil Levski, a national hero of Bulgaria, was executed in Sofia by the Ottoman authorities for his efforts to establish an independent Bulgarian republic. Wikipedia: Vasil Levski · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 54 languages
-
1861
In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional President of the Confederate States of America. Wikipedia: Montgomery, Alabama · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · 145 languages
-
1861
With Italian unification almost complete, Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy and Sardinia assumes the title of King of Italy. Wikipedia: Unification of Italy · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · 85 languages
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1814
War of the Sixth Coalition: French troops led by Napoleon forced the Army of Bohemia to retreat after it advanced dangerously close to Paris. Wikipedia: War of the Sixth Coalition · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 12 languages
-
1814
Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Montereau. Wikipedia: Napoleonic Wars · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 12 languages
-
1332
Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces. Wikipedia: Amda Seyon I · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · 20 languages
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1268
Northern Crusades: The Battle of Wesenberg (depicted) took place between Novgorodian and Pskovian forces against the Livonian Order and its allies, ending with Russian forces retreating from Danish Estonia. Wikipedia: Northern Crusades · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · 49 languages
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1229
The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. Wikipedia: Sixth Crusade · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · 53 languages
-
3102 BC
According to Hindu scriptures, Kali Yuga, the last of the four stages that the world goes through as part of the cycle of yugas, began. Wikipedia: 4th millennium BC · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · 72 languages
Unconfirmed
-
1977
A thousand armed soldiers raid Kalakuta Republic, the commune of Nigerian singer Fela Kuti, leading to the death of Funmilayo Anikulapo Kuti. Wikipedia: Kalakuta Republic · 11 languages
-
1955
Operation Teapot: Teapot test shot "Wasp" is successfully detonated at the Nevada Test Site with a yield of 1.2 kilotons. Wasp is the first of fourteen shots in the Teapot series. Wikipedia: Operation Teapot · 12 languages
-
1930
Elm Farm Ollie becomes the first cow to fly in a fixed-wing aircraft and also the first cow to be milked in an aircraft. Wikipedia: Elm Farm Ollie · 3 languages
-
1906
Édouard de Laveleye forms the Belgian Olympic Committee in Brussels. Wikipedia: Édouard de Laveleye · 6 languages
-
1791
Congress passes a law admitting the state of Vermont to the Union, effective 4 March, after that state had existed for 14 years as a de facto independent largely unrecognized state. Wikipedia: Admission to the Union · 6 languages
-
1766
Enslaved Malagasy captives on the Dutch East India Company slave ship Meermin began a mutiny that led to the ship's destruction on Cape Agulhas in present-day South Africa and the recapture of the instigators. Wikipedia: Malagasy peoples · 47 languages
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1735
The ballad opera called Flora, or Hob in the Well went down in history as the first opera of any kind to be produced in North America (Charleston, S.C.)
World days
No entries.
Technology
No entries.
Science
-
2021
Perseverance, a Mars rover designed to explore Jezero crater on Mars, as part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission, lands successfully. Wikipedia: Perseverance (rover) · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · 64 languages
-
1977
NASA's first Space Shuttle, Enterprise, made its first test flight on top of the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (both pictured). Wikipedia: NASA · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · 184 languages
Business
Unconfirmed
-
1766
Enslaved Malagasy captives on the Dutch East India Company slave ship Meermin began a mutiny that led to the ship's destruction on Cape Agulhas in present-day South Africa and the recapture of the instigators. Wikipedia: Malagasy peoples · 47 languages
Sport
Unconfirmed
-
1906
Édouard de Laveleye forms the Belgian Olympic Committee in Brussels. Wikipedia: Édouard de Laveleye · 6 languages
Culture
Unconfirmed
-
1977
A thousand armed soldiers raid Kalakuta Republic, the commune of Nigerian singer Fela Kuti, leading to the death of Funmilayo Anikulapo Kuti. Wikipedia: Kalakuta Republic · 11 languages
-
1735
The ballad opera called Flora, or Hob in the Well went down in history as the first opera of any kind to be produced in North America (Charleston, S.C.)
Cars
No entries.
Births
-
2002
Manu Bhaker, Indian sports shooter Wikipedia: Manu Bhaker · ✓ Wikidata · 42 languages
-
2001
Tanguy Coulibaly, French footballer Wikipedia: Tanguy Coulibaly · ✓ Wikidata · 14 languages
-
2001
Jaime Jaquez Jr., American basketball player Wikipedia: Jaime Jaquez Jr. · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 14 languages
-
2000
Zakaria Aboukhlal, Moroccan footballer Wikipedia: Zakaria Aboukhlal · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 37 languages
-
2000
Giacomo Raspadori, Italian footballer Wikipedia: Giacomo Raspadori · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 38 languages
-
1998
Vernon, South Korean and American rapper, singer and songwriter Wikipedia: Vernon (rapper) · ✓ Wikidata · 17 languages
-
1997
DK, South Korean singer Wikipedia: DK (singer) · ✓ Wikidata · 13 languages
-
1997
Odysseas Adam, Greek volleyball player Wikipedia: Odysseas Adam · ✓ Wikidata · 2 languages
-
1997
Brandon Jones, American racing driver Wikipedia: Brandon Jones (racing driver) · ✓ Wikidata · 4 languages
-
1996
Tyler Dorsey, American-Greek basketball player Wikipedia: Tyler Dorsey · ✓ Wikidata · 19 languages
-
1995
Nathan Aké, Dutch footballer Wikipedia: Nathan Aké · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 50 languages
-
1994
J-Hope, South Korean rapper, singer-songwriter, dancer, and record producer Wikipedia: J-Hope · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 51 languages
-
1994
Paul Zipser, German basketball player Wikipedia: Paul Zipser · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
-
1993
Kentavious Caldwell-Pope, American basketball player Wikipedia: Kentavious Caldwell-Pope · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 29 languages
-
1992
Le'Veon Bell, American football player Wikipedia: Le'Veon Bell · ✓ Wikidata · 14 languages
-
1992
Martin Marinčin, Slovak ice hockey player Wikipedia: Martin Marinčin · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
-
1992
Logan Miller, American actor Wikipedia: Logan Miller · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 24 languages
-
1991
Sebastian Neumann, German footballer Wikipedia: Sebastian Neumann · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 10 languages
-
1990
Monica Aksamit, American saber fencer Wikipedia: Monica Aksamit · ✓ Wikidata · 17 languages
-
1990
Didi Gregorius, Dutch baseball player Wikipedia: Didi Gregorius · ✓ Wikidata · 15 languages
-
1990
Cody Hodgson, Canadian ice hockey player Wikipedia: Cody Hodgson · ✓ Wikidata · 13 languages
-
1990
Bryan Oviedo, Costa Rican footballer Wikipedia: Bryan Oviedo · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 34 languages
-
1989
Sonja Vasić, Serbian basketball player Wikipedia: Sonja Vasić · ✓ Wikidata · 24 languages
-
1988
Roman Neustädter, German-Russian footballer Wikipedia: Roman Neustädter · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 35 languages
-
1988
Sarah Sutherland, American actress Wikipedia: Sarah Sutherland · ✓ Wikidata · 12 languages
-
1988
Maiara Walsh, American-Brazilian actress Wikipedia: Maiara Walsh · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 34 languages
-
1986
Kyle Weaver, American basketball player Wikipedia: Kyle Weaver · ✓ Wikidata · 12 languages
-
1984
Carlos Kameni, Cameroonian footballer Wikipedia: Carlos Kameni · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 44 languages
-
1983
Kara Braxton, American basketball player (died 2026) Wikipedia: Kara Braxton · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 13 languages
-
1983
Jermaine Jenas, English footballer Wikipedia: Jermaine Jenas · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 37 languages
-
1983
Jason Maxiell, American basketball player Wikipedia: Jason Maxiell · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
-
1982
Christian Tiffert, German footballer Wikipedia: Christian Tiffert · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 16 languages
-
1981
Andrei Kirilenko, Russian-American basketball player Wikipedia: Andrei Kirilenko · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 43 languages
-
1981
Alex Ríos, American baseball player Wikipedia: Alex Ríos · ✓ Wikidata · 9 languages
-
1980
Nik Antropov, Kazakhstani-Canadian ice hockey player Wikipedia: Nik Antropov · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
-
1980
Regina Spektor, Russian-American musician and songwriter Wikipedia: Regina Spektor · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 46 languages
-
1977
Ike Barinholtz, American actor and comedian Wikipedia: Ike Barinholtz · ✓ Wikidata · 35 languages
-
1977
Kristoffer Polaha, American actor Wikipedia: Kristoffer Polaha · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 25 languages
-
1975
Gary Neville, English footballer Wikipedia: Gary Neville · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 65 languages
-
1974
Carrie Ann Baade, American painter and academic Wikipedia: Carrie Ann Baade · ✓ Wikidata · 8 languages
-
1974
Radek Černý, Czech footballer Wikipedia: Radek Černý · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 26 languages
-
1974
Julia Butterfly Hill, American environmentalist and author Wikipedia: Julia Butterfly Hill · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 31 languages
-
1974
Jillian Michaels, American personal trainer and television personality Wikipedia: Jillian Michaels · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
-
1971
Thomas Bjørn, Danish golfer Wikipedia: Thomas Bjørn · ✓ Wikidata · 15 languages
-
1969
Alexander Mogilny, Russian ice hockey player Wikipedia: Alexander Mogilny · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 23 languages
-
1968
Molly Ringwald, American actress Wikipedia: Molly Ringwald · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 47 languages
-
1968
Tommy Tallarico, American video game music composer Wikipedia: Tommy Tallarico · ✓ Wikidata · 12 languages
-
1967
Roberto Baggio, Italian footballer Wikipedia: Roberto Baggio · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 91 languages
-
1967
Colin Jackson, Welsh sprinter and hurdler Wikipedia: Colin Jackson · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 34 languages
-
1966
Phillip DeFreitas, Dominican-English cricketer Wikipedia: Phillip DeFreitas · ✓ Wikidata · 6 languages
-
1966
Ryan Wesley Routh, American attempted assassin of Donald Trump Wikipedia: Ryan Routh · ✓ Wikidata · 11 languages
-
1965
Dr. Dre, American rapper, record producer, and entrepreneur Wikipedia: Dr. Dre · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 94 languages
-
1964
Matt Dillon, American actor Wikipedia: Matt Dillon · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 62 languages
-
1961
Douglas Rushkoff, American media and cultural theorist, author, and documentarian Wikipedia: Douglas Rushkoff · ✓ Wikidata · 16 languages
-
1960
Andy Moog, Canadian ice hockey player Wikipedia: Andy Moog · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 14 languages
-
1960
Greta Scacchi, Italian-Australian actress Wikipedia: Greta Scacchi · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 39 languages
-
1959
Jayne Atkinson, English-American actress Wikipedia: Jayne Atkinson · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 27 languages
-
1957
Marita Koch, German sprinter Wikipedia: Marita Koch · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 42 languages
-
1957
Vanna White, American television personality Wikipedia: Vanna White · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 16 languages
-
1955
Lisa See, American writer and novelist Wikipedia: Lisa See · ✓ Wikidata · 20 languages
-
1954
John Travolta, American actor, singer and producer Wikipedia: John Travolta · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 117 languages
-
1952
Randy Crawford, American jazz and R&B singer Wikipedia: Randy Crawford · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 30 languages
-
1952
Maurice Lucas, American basketball player (died 2010) Wikipedia: Maurice Lucas · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 14 languages
-
1952
Juice Newton, American singer-songwriter and guitarist Wikipedia: Juice Newton · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 23 languages
-
1951
Queen Komal of Nepal Wikipedia: Queen Komal of Nepal · ✓ Wikidata · 13 languages
-
1951
Isabel Preysler, Filipino-Spanish journalist Wikipedia: Isabel Preysler · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 22 languages
-
1950
Nana Amba Eyiaba I, Ghanaian queen mother and advocate Wikipedia: Nana Amba Eyiaba I · ✓ Wikidata · 3 languages
-
1950
John Hughes, American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2009) Wikipedia: John Hughes · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 42 languages
-
1950
Cybill Shepherd, American actress Wikipedia: Cybill Shepherd · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 51 languages
-
1947
Dennis DeYoung, American musician, singer, and songwriter Wikipedia: Dennis DeYoung · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 13 languages
-
1947
Eliot Engel, American politician (died 2026) Wikipedia: Eliot Engel · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 26 languages
-
1946
Michael Buerk, English journalist Wikipedia: Michael Buerk · ✓ Wikidata · 4 languages
-
1941
Irma Thomas, American singer-songwriter Wikipedia: Irma Thomas · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 23 languages
-
1940
Fabrizio De André, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1999) Wikipedia: Fabrizio De André · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 43 languages
-
1939
Claude Ake, Nigerian political scientist and academic (died 1996) Wikipedia: Claude Ake · ✓ Wikidata · 8 languages
-
1936
Jean M. Auel, American author Wikipedia: Jean M. Auel · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 35 languages
-
1934
Audre Lorde, American writer and activist (died 1992) Wikipedia: Audre Lorde · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 60 languages
-
1933
Yoko Ono, Japanese-American multimedia artist and musician Wikipedia: Yoko Ono · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 98 languages
-
1933
Bobby Robson, English footballer and manager (died 2009) Wikipedia: Bobby Robson · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 62 languages
-
1933
Mary Ure, Scottish-English actress (died 1975) Wikipedia: Mary Ure · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 23 languages
-
1932
Miloš Forman, Czech-American actor, director, and screenwriter (died 2018) Wikipedia: Miloš Forman · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 88 languages
-
1931
Johnny Hart, American cartoonist, co-created The Wizard of Id (died 2007) Wikipedia: Johnny Hart · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 11 languages
-
1931
Toni Morrison, American novelist and editor, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2019). Wikipedia: Toni Morrison · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 133 languages
-
1929
Len Deighton, English historian and author (died 2026) Wikipedia: Len Deighton · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 38 languages
-
1929
André Mathieu, Canadian pianist and composer (died 1968) Wikipedia: André Mathieu · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 7 languages
-
1927
Fazal Mahmood, Pakistani cricketer (died 2005) Wikipedia: Fazal Mahmood · ✓ Wikidata · 8 languages
-
1926
Wallace Berman, American painter and illustrator (died 1976) Wikipedia: Wallace Berman · ✓ Wikidata · 6 languages
-
1925
George Kennedy, American actor (died 2016) Wikipedia: George Kennedy · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 56 languages
-
1922
Eric Gairy, Grenadan politician, 1st Prime Minister of Grenada (died 1997) Wikipedia: Eric Gairy · ✓ Wikidata · 19 languages
-
1922
Helen Gurley Brown, American journalist and author (died 2012) Wikipedia: Helen Gurley Brown · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 27 languages
-
1922
Connie Wisniewski, American baseball player (died 1995) Wikipedia: Connie Wisniewski · ✓ Wikidata · 2 languages
-
1921
Mary Amdur, American toxicologist and public health researcher (died 1998) Wikipedia: Mary Amdur · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 10 languages
-
1921
Oscar Feltsman, Ukrainian-Russian pianist and composer (died 2013) Wikipedia: Oscar Feltsman · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 13 languages
-
1920
Rolande Falcinelli, French organist, pianist, composer, and pedagogue (died 2006) Wikipedia: Rolande Falcinelli · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 10 languages
-
1919
Jack Palance, American boxer and actor (died 2006) Wikipedia: Jack Palance · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 60 languages
-
1915
Phyllis Calvert, English actress (died 2002) Wikipedia: Phyllis Calvert · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 15 languages
-
1915
Joe Gordon, American baseball player and manager (died 1978) Wikipedia: Joe Gordon · ✓ Wikidata · 11 languages
-
1914
Pee Wee King, American singer-songwriter and fiddler (died 2000) Wikipedia: Pee Wee King · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 11 languages
-
1909
Wallace Stegner, American novelist, short story writer, and essayist (died 1993) Wikipedia: Wallace Stegner · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 31 languages
-
1906
Hans Asperger, Austrian pediatrician and academic (died 1980) Wikipedia: Hans Asperger · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 48 languages
-
1903
Nikolai Podgorny, Ukrainian engineer and politician (died 1983) Wikipedia: Nikolai Podgorny · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 48 languages
-
1899
Arthur Bryant, English historian and journalist (died 1985) Wikipedia: Arthur Bryant · ✓ Wikidata · 4 languages
-
1898
Luis Muñoz Marín, Puerto Rican poet and politician, 1st Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (died 1980) Wikipedia: Luis Muñoz Marín · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 20 languages
-
1896
Li Linsi, Chinese educator and diplomat (died 1970) Wikipedia: Li Linsi · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 11 languages
-
1893
Maksim Haretski, Belarusian prose writer, journalist and activist (died 1938) Wikipedia: Maksim Haretski · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 15 languages
-
1892
Wendell Willkie, American captain, lawyer, and politician (died 1944) Wikipedia: Wendell Willkie · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 31 languages
-
1890
Edward Arnold, American actor (died 1956) Wikipedia: Edward Arnold (actor) · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 27 languages
-
1890
Adolphe Menjou, American actor (died 1963) Wikipedia: Adolphe Menjou · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 36 languages
-
1885
Henri Laurens, French sculptor and illustrator (died 1954) Wikipedia: Henri Laurens · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 21 languages
-
1883
Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek philosopher, author, and playwright (died 1957) Wikipedia: Nikos Kazantzakis · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 88 languages
-
1871
Harry Brearley, English inventor (died 1948) Wikipedia: Harry Brearley · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 27 languages
-
1867
Hedwig Courths-Mahler, German writer (died 1950) Wikipedia: Hedwig Courths-Mahler · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 17 languages
-
1862
Charles M. Schwab, American businessman, co-founded Bethlehem Steel (died 1939) Wikipedia: Charles M. Schwab · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 16 languages
-
1860
Anders Zorn, Swedish artist (died 1920) Wikipedia: Anders Zorn · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 53 languages
-
1855
Jean Jules Jusserand, French historian, author, and diplomat, French Ambassador to the United States (died 1932) Wikipedia: Jean Jules Jusserand · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 16 languages
-
1850
George Henschel, German-English singer-songwriter, pianist, and conductor (died 1934) Wikipedia: George Henschel · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 15 languages
-
1849
Alexander Kielland, Norwegian author, playwright, and politician (died 1906) Wikipedia: Alexander Kielland · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 50 languages
-
1848
Louis Comfort Tiffany, American stained glass artist (died 1933) Wikipedia: Louis Comfort Tiffany · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 37 languages
-
1838
Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (died 1916) Wikipedia: Ernst Mach · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 92 languages
-
1836
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Indian mystic and yogi (died 1886) Wikipedia: Ramakrishna · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 113 languages
-
1818
Konstanty Schmidt-Ciążyński, Polish collector and art connoisseur who donated a large collection to the National Museum in Kraków (died 1889) Wikipedia: Konstanty Schmidt-Ciążyński · ✓ Wikidata · 4 languages
-
1817
Lewis Armistead, American general (died 1863) Wikipedia: Lewis Armistead · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 17 languages
-
1745
Alessandro Volta, Italian physicist, invented the battery (died 1827) Wikipedia: Alessandro Volta · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 117 languages
-
1732
Johann Christian Kittel, German organist and composer (died 1809) Wikipedia: Johann Christian Kittel · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 14 languages
-
1658
Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre, French philosopher and author (died 1743) Wikipedia: Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · 17 languages
-
1642
Marie Champmeslé, French actress (died 1698) Wikipedia: Marie Champmeslé · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 12 languages
-
1632
Giovanni Battista Vitali, Italian violinist and composer (died 1692) Wikipedia: Giovanni Battista Vitali · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 17 languages
-
1626
Francesco Redi, Italian physician (died 1697) Wikipedia: Francesco Redi · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 51 languages
-
1609
Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, English historian and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (died 1674) Wikipedia: Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 27 languages
-
1602
Per Brahe the Younger, Swedish soldier and politician, Governor-General of Finland (died 1680) Wikipedia: Per Brahe the Younger · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 24 languages
-
1602
Michelangelo Cerquozzi, Italian painter (died 1660) Wikipedia: Michelangelo Cerquozzi · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 16 languages
-
1589
Henry Vane the Elder, English politician (died 1655) Wikipedia: Henry Vane the Elder · ✓ Wikidata · 6 languages
-
1589
Maarten Gerritsz Vries, Dutch explorer (died 1646) Wikipedia: Maarten Gerritszoon Vries · ✓ Wikidata · 14 languages
-
1559
Isaac Casaubon, Swiss philologist and scholar (died 1614) Wikipedia: Isaac Casaubon · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 26 languages
-
1547
Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, founder of Isfahan School of Islamic Philosophy (died 1621) Wikipedia: Baha al-Din al-Amili · ✓ Wikidata · 24 languages
-
1543
Charles III, Duke of Lorraine (died 1608) Wikipedia: Charles III of Lorraine · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 26 languages
-
1530
Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese daimyō (died 1578) Wikipedia: Uesugi Kenshin · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 39 languages
-
1516
Mary I, Queen of England (died 1558) Wikipedia: Mary I · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 102 languages
-
1486
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Indian monk and saint (died 1534) Wikipedia: Chaitanya Mahaprabhu · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · 64 languages
-
1372
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Egyptian jurist and scholar (died 1448) Wikipedia: Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani · ✓ Wikidata · 45 languages
-
1201
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian scientist and writer (died 1274) Wikipedia: Nasir al-Din al-Tusi · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 74 languages
Unconfirmed
-
1946
Jess Walton, American actress Wikipedia: Jess Walton · 12 languages
-
1944
Elizabeth Nunez, American novelist (died 2024) Wikipedia: Elizabeth Nunez · 4 languages
-
1818
John O'Shanassy, Irish-Australian politician, 2nd Premier of Victoria (died 1883) Wikipedia: John O'Shanassy · 5 languages
-
1754
Emanuel Granberg, Finnish church painter (died 1797) Wikipedia: Emanuel Granberg · 3 languages
Deaths
-
2026
Borislav Paravac, Bosnian Serb politician, 8th Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (born 1943) Wikipedia: Borislav Paravac · ✓ Wikidata · 22 languages
-
2025
Gene Hackman, award-winning American actor (born 1930) Wikipedia: Gene Hackman · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 86 languages
-
2025
Gerald Ridsdale, Australian laicised Catholic priest and sex offender (born 1934) Wikipedia: Gerald Ridsdale · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 6 languages
-
2025
Hurricane, American secret service canine (born 2009) Wikipedia: Hurricane (dog) · ✓ Wikidata · 5 languages
-
2020
Flavio Bucci, Italian actor and voice actor (born 1947) Wikipedia: Flavio Bucci · ✓ Wikidata · 21 languages
-
2019
Alessandro Mendini, Italian designer and architect (born 1931) Wikipedia: Alessandro Mendini · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 19 languages
-
2015
Elchanan Heilprin, Slovak-born English rabbi (born 1920 or 1922) Wikipedia: Elchanan Heilprin · ✓ Wikidata · 4 languages
-
2014
Mavis Gallant, Canadian-French author and playwright (born 1922) Wikipedia: Mavis Gallant · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 16 languages
-
2014
Maria Franziska von Trapp, Austrian-American singer (born 1914) Wikipedia: Maria Franziska von Trapp · ✓ Wikidata · 12 languages
-
2001
Balthus, Polish-Swiss painter and illustrator (born 1908) Wikipedia: Balthus · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 38 languages
-
2001
Dale Earnhardt, American racer and seven-time NASCAR Cup Series champion (born 1951) Wikipedia: Dale Earnhardt · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 28 languages
-
1982
Ngaio Marsh, New Zealand author (born 1895) Wikipedia: Ngaio Marsh · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 34 languages
-
1981
Jack Northrop, American engineer and businessman, founded the Northrop Corporation (born 1895) Wikipedia: Jack Northrop · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
-
1977
Andy Devine, American actor (born 1905) Wikipedia: Andy Devine · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 21 languages
-
1969
Dragiša Cvetković, Serbian lawyer and politician, 17th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (born 1893) Wikipedia: Dragiša Cvetković · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 27 languages
-
1967
J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist and academic (born 1904) Wikipedia: J. Robert Oppenheimer · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 129 languages
-
1966
Grigory Nelyubov, Soviet pilot and military officer (born 1934) Wikipedia: Grigory Nelyubov · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 15 languages
-
1960
Gertrude Vanderbilt, American stage actress (born c. 1885) Wikipedia: Gertrude Vanderbilt (actress) · ✓ Wikidata · 4 languages
-
1956
Gustave Charpentier, French composer (born 1860) Wikipedia: Gustave Charpentier · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 34 languages
-
1938
David King Udall, American missionary and politician (born 1851) Wikipedia: David King Udall · ✓ Wikidata · 2 languages
-
1933
James J. Corbett, American boxer and actor (born 1866) Wikipedia: James J. Corbett · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 30 languages
-
1915
Frank James, American soldier and criminal (born 1843) Wikipedia: Frank James · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
-
1910
Lucy Stanton, American activist (born 1831) Wikipedia: Lucy Stanton (abolitionist) · ✓ Wikidata · 4 languages
-
1902
Charles Lewis Tiffany, American businessman, founded Tiffany & Co. (born 1812) Wikipedia: Charles Lewis Tiffany · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 15 languages
-
1893
Serranus Clinton Hastings, American lawyer and politician, 1st Chief Justice of California (born 1814) Wikipedia: Serranus Clinton Hastings · ✓ Wikidata · 5 languages
-
1880
Nikolay Zinin, Russian organic chemist (born 1812) Wikipedia: Nikolay Zinin · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 25 languages
-
1873
Vasil Levski, Bulgarian activist, founded the Internal Revolutionary Organization (born 1837) Wikipedia: Vasil Levski · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 54 languages
-
1851
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, German mathematician and academic (born 1804) Wikipedia: Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 70 languages
-
1803
Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet and educator (born 1719) Wikipedia: Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 29 languages
-
1788
John Whitehurst, English geologist and clockmaker (born 1713) Wikipedia: John Whitehurst · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
-
1780
Kristijonas Donelaitis, Lithuanian pastor and poet (born 1714) Wikipedia: Kristijonas Donelaitis · ✓ Wikidata · 36 languages
-
1778
Joseph Marie Terray, French economist and politician, Controller-General of Finances (born 1715) Wikipedia: Joseph Marie Terray · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 13 languages
-
1772
Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff, Danish politician (born 1712) Wikipedia: Count Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
-
1748
Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun, Austrian field marshal (born 1677) Wikipedia: Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 18 languages
-
1743
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Italian noble (born 1667) Wikipedia: Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 30 languages
-
1712
Louis, Dauphin of France, (born 1682) Wikipedia: Louis, Duke of Burgundy · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 44 languages
-
1695
William Phips, governor of Massachusetts (born 1650) Wikipedia: William Phips · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 10 languages
-
1683
Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem, Dutch painter (born 1620) Wikipedia: Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem · ✓ 4 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 24 languages
-
1654
Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, French author (born 1594) Wikipedia: Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 33 languages
-
1564
Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and painter (born 1475) Wikipedia: Michelangelo · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 259 languages
-
1546
Martin Luther, German priest and theologian, leader of the Protestant Reformation (born 1483) Wikipedia: Martin Luther · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 259 languages
-
1535
Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German magician, astrologer, and theologian (born 1486) Wikipedia: Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 61 languages
-
1502
Hedwig Jagiellon, duchess of Bavaria (born 1457) Wikipedia: Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 24 languages
-
1478
George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, English nobleman (born 1449; executed) Wikipedia: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 34 languages
-
1455
Fra Angelico, Italian priest and painter (born 1395) Wikipedia: Fra Angelico · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 77 languages
-
1397
Enguerrand VII, French nobleman (born 1340) Wikipedia: Enguerrand VII de Coucy · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · 17 languages
-
1379
Albert II, duke of Mecklenburg (born 1318) Wikipedia: Albert II of Mecklenburg · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 21 languages
-
1294
Kublai Khan, Mongol emperor (born 1215) Wikipedia: Kublai Khan · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 110 languages
-
1225
Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, Norman nobleman Wikipedia: Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk · ✓ Wikidata · 9 languages
-
1218
Berthold V, duke of Zähringen (born 1160) Wikipedia: Berthold V of Zähringen · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 20 languages
-
1139
Yaropolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev (born 1082) Wikipedia: Yaropolk II of Kiev · ✓ 3 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 28 languages
-
999
Gregory V, pope of the Catholic Church (born 972) Wikipedia: AD 999 · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · 137 languages
-
901
Thābit ibn Qurra, Arab astronomer and physician (born 826) Wikipedia: Thābit ibn Qurra · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · 51 languages
-
814
Angilbert, Frankish monk and diplomat (born 760) Wikipedia: Angilbert · ✓ 5 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 21 languages
-
675
Colmán, bishop of Lindisfarne Wikipedia: Colmán of Lindisfarne · ✓ 2 Wikipedias · ✓ Wikidata · 14 languages
Unconfirmed
-
1658
John Villiers, Viscount Purbeck, English courtier (born c. 1591) Wikipedia: John Villiers, Viscount Purbeck · 3 languages
The same day in other countries
The same day in other countries: Portugal · Brasil · Suisse · France · Deutschland · España · United States
Source: Wikipedia: wikipedia.org (CC BY-SA 4.0)